Analysis of mood and anxiety scales and GABA levels
In the GEE analysis, the yoga group showed increased scores over the course of the intervention in the three positive EIFI subscales (Positive Engagement, Revitalization, and Tranquility), while the walking group showed an increase in the EIFI-Revitalization subscale. The yoga group showed a decrease in the STAI-State score, indicating decreased anxiety. The between-group analysis showed the yoga group to have greater increases in all positive scales and greater decreases in all negative scales compared with the walking group, indicating improved mood, decreased anxiety and decreased exhaustion.
Tonic changes in mean mood scores showed significant increases in the yoga group for Revitalization (1.8_2.5, tј3.21, dfј18, pј0.005). Acute changes in mean scores indicated significant increases in the yoga group for Revitalization (2.5_2.7, tј4.12, dfј18, p<0.001) and Tranquility (2.0_1.8, tј4.77, dfј18, p<0.001), and significant decrease in the STAI-State (_5.2_5.5, tј_4.05, dfј17, p<0.001). There were no significant tonic or acute changes detected in the walking group. Analysis of the gray matter/white matter ratio in the thalamic voxel was done for each of the three scans.
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There was no difference in the average gray matter/white matter ratio among the three scans for the thalamus (Fј0.11, dfј2, pј0.90), indicating consistent repositioning of the voxel over the same anatomical region for each scan. There was no difference between the yoga and walking group in baseline GABA levels (tј0.73, dfј32, pј0.47). There were no significant changes in tonic GABA levels in either group. There as a nearly significant increase in acute thalamic GABA levels in the yoga group (0.009_0.019, tј1.80, dfј17, pј0.09) (Fig. 2 and Table 3). Whether thalamic GABA levels correlate with improved mood or decreased anxiety is a general question, independent of group assignment. Therefore, the correlation of mood and anxiety scores with GABA levels was done for the whole group. There were significant positive correlations of GABA levels with Revitalization and Tranquility scores and a negative correlation with the STAI-State scores (Table 4). In the yoga group, for the tonic condition, there were positive correlations of changes in mood and anxiety scores with changes in mean GABA levels for Revitalization and Tranquility scores and a negative correlation with the STAIState, while in the acute condition there were positive correlations with Tranquility scores (Table 4). Women (nј22) used an approved method of birth control and had negative urine pregnancy tests prior to each imaging session. Because decreases in GABA levels occur during the follicular phase, women were scheduled for scanning in the nonluteal stage defined by a serum progesterone <3.0 ng/mL.27 All women, except 1 using hormonal contraception and assumed to be in the nonluteal stage, had progesterone levels drawn before each imaging session. Serum progesterone levels were <2.0 ng/mL for all but four samples. Two (2) women had levels <5.2 ng/mL for imaging session I. For imaging session II, serum progesterone levels were 20.2 ng/mL for 1 subject in the walking group, and 17.3 ng/mL for one subject in the yoga group, consistent with the luteal phase that is associated with higher GABA levels. Increases in GABA levels due to the luteal phase during imaging session II would have made tonic increases easier to detect, yet there was no significant increase in tonic GABA levels for either group. In the previous study, in the yoga group, menstrual stage did not affect increases in GABA levels. Accordingly, the luteal levels of progesterone for imaging session II should not have affected the detection of acute changes.