Cancer Screening Belief Scale. Part 2
According to the 2006 World Population Data Sheet (Population Reference Bureau, 2006), China ranked number one among the top ten World’s largest countries in population. China has about 4.4 times the population compared with that in the U. S. (1,311 versus 299 millions). Asian is also among the highest growing group in the United States. In 1990, there were 6.9 million Asians living in the U.S. Between 1990 and 2000, the Asian population grew by 3.3 million to 10.2 million. This is represents a growth of 48% compared to 13% for the total U.S. population (U. S. Census Bureau, 2003). About a quarter of the U.S. Asian population was of Chinese origin (U.S. Census Bureau, 2005). Despite these facts, Asians, the fastest growing population both in the U. S. and around the world, have received the least attention of all ethnic populations in cancer control research studies or targeted intervention programs by the national government. One of the major reasons for this lack of attention is the paucity of disaggregated and accurate Asian data (Kagawa-Singer & Pourat, 2000). Aggregated data imply a lack of need for targeted screening programs or public policies for these populations. Therefore, it is important to understand factors influencing cancer screening utilization among this population, Chinese in particular, in order to develop appropriate and effective cancer screening promotion and educational programs. It is also important to develop and validate a Chinese version of the cancer screening belief instrument in order to better understand and reach this group in a culturally sensitive and linguistically appropriate way.
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To date, there have been some published articles providing systematic efforts on developing and validating instruments used for measuring cancer screening beliefs related to cancers of specific types. Several studies have reported on scale development for mammography screening related belief (Champion, 1995; Champion & Scott, 1997; Rakowski, Fulton, Feldam, 1993). Rakowski et al. (1997) tried to extend perceived pros and cons from decisional balance constructs to both mammography and cervical smear compliance (Rakowski, Clark, Pearlman, Ehrich, Rimer, Goldstein, et al., 1997). Hou and Luh (2005) were among the first that developed and validated a theory-based screening belief inventory specifically to cervical smear screening and for Chinese women (Hou & Luh, 2005). Results from their Cervical Smear Belief Inventory (CSBI) showed that many of the psychometric scores of the inventory had satisfactory reliability and validity. Nevertheless, most of the validated belief scales available apply to cancer of specific type. There remains a need to have similar scales being validated that could to be used to assess beliefs related to cancer screening in general for broader applications among Asians such as Chinese.
This study examined the psychometric properties of the Cancer Screening Belief Scale – Chinese version (CSBS-C), a modified instrument adapted from the previous Cervical Smear Belief Inventory (CSBI) developed by Hou and Luh (2005) among Chinese women (Hou & Luh, 2005). This paper describes the reliability and validity of the scores of CSBS-C on assessing theory-based constructs related to belief towards cancer screening among a Chinese worksite population that includes both men and women. The main output of the study is to provide an English-Chinese bilingual measurement tool that has satisfactory reliable and valid psychometrics. Such tool is necessary for researchers and health care practitioners to reach Chinese communities in a culturally sensitive and linguistically appropriate way.